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Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA (as Ozempic and Rybelsus for type 2 diabetes, and Wegovy for chronic weight management). It is supported by large phase 3 randomized controlled trials, including cardiovascular outcome data. It is a prescription medication; gray-market research-chemical versions carry significant purity and safety concerns.

Tirzepatide is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist approved by the FDA (as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and Zepbound for chronic weight management). It is supported by large phase 3 randomized controlled trials demonstrating significant glycemic and weight outcomes. It is a prescription medication; non-prescription research-chemical sourcing carries substantial purity and safety risks.

Retatrutide is an investigational triple agonist of the GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors being developed for obesity and type 2 diabetes. Phase 2 randomized controlled trials reported among the largest weight reductions seen for an incretin-based therapy, and phase 3 trials are underway. It is not FDA-approved and is not available as a finished prescription product.

BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from a protective protein found in human gastric juice. Preclinical research suggests it promotes angiogenesis and tissue repair. As of 2026 it has not been studied in published human randomized controlled trials and is not FDA-approved; the evidence base is almost entirely animal models. It is used in research contexts to study tendon, ligament, and gut healing.

GHK-Cu is a copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) found naturally in human plasma, with levels declining with age. It is well studied in topical cosmetic formulations for skin appearance, where human data exist; injectable systemic use is not FDA-approved and is largely preclinical. It is used in research contexts to study skin remodeling and wound repair.

Tesamorelin is a synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog approved by the FDA (as Egrifta) to reduce excess visceral abdominal fat in people with HIV-associated lipodystrophy. It is supported by phase 3 randomized controlled trials for that specific indication. It is a prescription medication and is not approved for general body-composition or anti-aging use.

Bremelanotide (PT-141) is a melanocortin receptor agonist approved by the FDA (as Vyleesi) for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. It is supported by phase 3 randomized controlled trials (the RECONNECT program). It is an approved prescription medication administered by subcutaneous injection.

MK-677 (ibutamoren) is an orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin at the GHS-R1a receptor to raise growth hormone and IGF-1. Despite extensive clinical investigation it has never received FDA approval, and recognized effects include increased appetite and reduced insulin sensitivity. It is included here as a widely discussed secretagogue although it is a small molecule rather than a peptide.